As a devoted dog owner and breeder, I know firsthand the joys and challenges of caring for a mother dog and her newborn puppies. One of the most critical aspects of this journey is ensuring that the mother produces enough milk to nourish her litter. A well-fed mother dog is not only healthier but also better equipped to support the growth and development of her puppies.
In this article, I will share my insights and experiences on the best foods that can enhance milk production in a lactating dog. Through years of caring for various breeds, I have discovered that certain dietary adjustments can significantly impact a mother’s milk supply. These adjustments are not just about increasing quantity but also about improving the quality of the milk, ensuring that the puppies receive the essential nutrients they need for a strong start in life.
Proper nutrition is the cornerstone of a successful lactation period. It’s not merely about feeding more; it’s about feeding right. High-quality proteins, fats, and a balanced intake of vitamins and minerals play crucial roles in boosting a mother dog’s ability to produce milk. Each meal should be carefully considered and tailored to meet her increased caloric and nutritional needs during this demanding time.
Throughout the following sections, I’ll delve into specific foods that have proven beneficial for nursing dogs. From protein-rich meats and dairy to nutrient-packed vegetables and grains, we’ll explore how each food can contribute to a healthy and abundant milk supply. Whether you’re preparing homemade meals or selecting the best commercial dog foods, this guide will help you make informed choices to support your lactating dog and her puppies.
Why Nutrition Is Crucial for Lactating Dogs
As a dog owner, I understand that when my dog becomes a mother, her nutritional needs shift dramatically. Proper nutrition during the lactation period is not just beneficial; it’s vital. This is the time when her body is working tirelessly to produce milk rich in nutrients, which is crucial for her puppies’ growth and development. Without the right diet, she can quickly become depleted of essential nutrients, affecting both her health and her ability to care for her pups.
Imagine the strain on a mother’s body as she provides nourishment to multiple growing puppies. This intense demand means that her dietary intake needs to be carefully managed and adjusted. Failing to do so could lead to deficiencies that impact her wellbeing, reducing her energy levels and weakening her immune system. This, in turn, can compromise the health of her litter, as the quality and quantity of her milk are directly influenced by her diet.
The Key Nutrients for Lactating Dogs
To ensure that a mother dog produces enough high-quality milk, her diet must be rich in several critical nutrients. These include:
- Protein: Essential for the production of milk, proteins are the building blocks of cells. A high-protein diet supports the mother dog in maintaining her muscle mass and overall strength during the demanding lactation period.
- Fats: Fats are a concentrated source of energy, which is crucial because lactating dogs need significantly more calories. Healthy fats also contribute to the milk’s energy content, supporting the rapid growth of puppies.
- Calcium and Phosphorus: These minerals are vital for the development of puppies’ bones and teeth. The mother dog’s body can lose calcium rapidly during lactation, making it important to replenish these minerals to prevent deficiencies that can lead to conditions like eclampsia.
- Vitamins: Vitamins like A, D, and E are important for both the mother and her puppies. These vitamins support everything from immune function to skin and coat health, ensuring that both mother and pups thrive.
- Water: Hydration is crucial as milk production demands a significant amount of water. Adequate water intake ensures that the mother can produce enough milk to meet her puppies’ needs.
In addition to these nutrients, it’s important to monitor the mother’s overall caloric intake. During lactation, her energy requirements can increase by two to four times her normal maintenance level. Feeding her a well-balanced diet that meets these elevated energy needs is essential to maintaining her health and the health of her puppies.
It’s clear that a lactating dog’s nutritional requirements are complex and demanding. As a responsible pet owner, I must ensure that my dog receives the right balance of nutrients to support her during this critical period. This not only helps her stay healthy but also ensures that her puppies get the best start in life through nutritious and abundant milk.
Nutrients Essential for Boosting Milk Production in Lactating Dogs
When a mother dog is nursing her puppies, ensuring she receives the right nutrients is critical for her health and the optimal growth of her litter. Proper nutrition directly influences the quantity and quality of milk she produces, which in turn supports the puppies’ development. It’s important to focus on specific nutrients that play a pivotal role in milk production, rather than general food groups.
Understanding the dietary needs of a lactating dog can significantly improve her ability to nourish her pups. During this demanding period, a balanced diet enriched with key nutrients will help her maintain her energy levels and produce sufficient milk. Here’s a closer look at the vital nutrients that support lactation in dogs.
Key Nutrients for Milk Production in Nursing Dogs
The following nutrients are particularly important for a mother dog to produce enough milk to feed her puppies:
- Protein: Protein is the cornerstone of milk production. High-quality protein sources, such as chicken, turkey, eggs, and fish, supply the essential amino acids necessary for synthesising the proteins found in milk. During lactation, a mother dog’s protein needs increase significantly to support both her health and the nutritional needs of her puppies.
- Fats: Dietary fats are crucial for energy and the formation of milk fat. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, found in fish oil and flaxseed, not only support the production of rich, creamy milk but also benefit the puppies’ brain development and immune function.
- Calcium: Calcium is indispensable for milk production. Lactating dogs require more calcium to prevent the depletion of their own stores, which can lead to conditions like eclampsia. Sources like dairy, bones, and leafy greens help maintain adequate calcium levels.
- Water: Hydration is fundamental for milk production. Adequate water intake ensures that the mother dog can produce a sufficient volume of milk. Fresh, clean water should be available at all times, and adding moisture-rich foods can also help meet her hydration needs.
- Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide the energy needed to support the high demands of lactation. Complex carbs from sources like sweet potatoes, brown rice, and oats provide sustained energy without causing spikes in blood sugar.
Each of these nutrients plays a distinct role in supporting the lactation process. By ensuring a diet rich in these components, you can help your mother dog produce ample, nutritious milk for her puppies.
Incorporating these nutrients into her diet can make a significant difference in her milk production and overall well-being. As always, consulting with a veterinarian to tailor a nutrition plan specific to your dog’s needs is highly recommended.
High-Quality Protein Sources for Nursing Dogs
As a dog owner, ensuring my nursing dog receives adequate nutrition is paramount. During the lactation period, a mother dog’s nutritional needs increase significantly, primarily due to the energy required to produce milk and support her puppies’ growth. One of the critical components of her diet is high-quality protein, which plays a crucial role in maintaining her health and enhancing milk production. By choosing the right protein sources, I can help my dog stay strong and provide the best possible start for her puppies.
Protein isn’t just about quantity but quality. High-quality proteins are more easily digestible and provide essential amino acids that a nursing dog needs. The better the protein quality, the more efficiently my dog’s body can utilise it to support her health and milk production. Here, I will discuss some of the best protein sources that I include in my nursing dog’s diet to ensure she gets the nutrients she needs.
Optimal Protein Sources for Nursing Dogs
To keep my nursing dog healthy and thriving, I incorporate a variety of protein-rich foods into her diet:
- Lean Meats: Chicken, turkey, and lean cuts of beef are excellent protein sources. These meats are not only rich in protein but also provide essential amino acids that support muscle maintenance and milk production.
- Fish: Salmon and sardines are fantastic for their high-quality protein and omega-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids are beneficial for the nursing dog’s skin and coat, and they can also contribute to the overall health of her puppies.
- Eggs: Eggs are considered a complete protein source, meaning they contain all the essential amino acids. They are also highly digestible, making them a superb addition to a lactating dog’s diet.
- Dairy Products: Cottage cheese and yoghurt can be beneficial due to their protein content and probiotics, which aid in digestion. However, I introduce these gradually to ensure my dog doesn’t have any adverse reactions.
Alongside these whole foods, I sometimes use commercial dog foods specifically formulated for nursing dogs. These often contain a balanced mix of proteins from various sources, ensuring my dog gets a comprehensive nutrient profile. When choosing commercial foods, I look for those with clearly listed ingredients, prioritising those that include high-quality protein sources at the top of their list.
By focusing on these rich protein sources, I can provide my nursing dog with the nutritional foundation she needs to nurture her puppies effectively. High-quality proteins not only support her health during this demanding period but also contribute to the growth and well-being of her litter.
The Significance of Nutritious Fats in a Nursing Dog’s Diet
Ensuring a lactating dog receives adequate and healthy fats is crucial for her overall well-being and the proper development of her puppies. As a responsible pet owner, I understand that the nutritional needs of a nursing dog are heightened, and providing the right kind of fats can make a significant difference in her health and milk production.
Healthy fats are a vital source of energy for a nursing dog. They help maintain her stamina and strength during this demanding period. Fats also play a crucial role in the absorption of essential vitamins such as A, D, E, and K, which are necessary for both the mother and her puppies. Without sufficient healthy fats, a lactating dog may become easily fatigued, and her milk supply might be compromised.
Benefits of Nutritious Fats in a Nursing Dog’s Diet
Including a balanced amount of healthy fats in a nursing dog’s diet can have several positive effects:
- Energy Boost: Fats provide a concentrated source of energy, which is especially important for a lactating dog who needs extra calories to produce milk and care for her puppies.
- Enhanced Milk Quality: Adequate healthy fats ensure that the milk produced is rich in essential nutrients, promoting the healthy growth and development of the puppies.
- Improved Absorption of Vitamins: Fats aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, ensuring that the nursing dog and her puppies receive the full benefit of these essential nutrients.
- Support for Skin and Coat Health: Healthy fats contribute to a glossy coat and healthy skin, which is important for a nursing dog recovering from the physical stress of giving birth.
To incorporate healthy fats into a lactating dog’s diet, consider the following options:
- Fish Oil: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil supports brain development in puppies and reduces inflammation in the mother dog.
- Chicken Fat: A highly digestible source of energy, chicken fat also enhances the palatability of the dog’s food.
- Flaxseed Oil: Another excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, flaxseed oil also provides fibre which aids in digestion.
In conclusion, providing a lactating dog with nutritious fats is essential for her health and the well-being of her puppies. By understanding and meeting her dietary needs, I can ensure that she remains strong and capable of producing high-quality milk that supports the growth of her litter.
Essential Vitamins and Minerals for Milk Production in Dogs
Ensuring that a mother dog has an ample supply of milk for her puppies is vital for their growth and development. As a breeder or pet owner, I understand the importance of providing the right nutrients to support this process. Proper nutrition is not just about quantity but the quality and type of nutrients provided.
Specific vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in enhancing milk production in dogs. These nutrients help maintain the health of the mother, ensuring she has the energy and bodily resources to produce sufficient milk. Below, I will outline some of the key vitamins and minerals essential for this process.
Key Nutrients for Lactating Dogs
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Calcium: Calcium is paramount for milk production. It is involved in the development of strong bones and teeth in puppies and helps prevent conditions such as eclampsia in nursing mothers.
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Phosphorus: This mineral works in conjunction with calcium to ensure proper skeletal development in the puppies. It also plays a role in energy metabolism, which is crucial for a lactating mother.
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Vitamin D: Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Without adequate vitamin D, the mother dog might struggle to utilize these minerals effectively.
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Vitamin B Complex: The B vitamins, including B12, B6, and folic acid, are essential for energy production and the overall metabolic processes. These vitamins help maintain the mother’s energy levels and overall health.
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Zinc: Zinc is crucial for the immune system and overall growth. It helps in the proper development of puppies and ensures the mother dog’s immune system remains robust.
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Iron: Iron is vital for the production of haemoglobin, which is necessary for oxygen transport in the blood. Adequate iron levels help prevent anaemia in the mother, ensuring she remains healthy and energetic.
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Magnesium: This mineral supports enzyme function and energy production, contributing to the overall health and well-being of the mother dog during lactation.
By focusing on these essential vitamins and minerals, I can support the health and milk production of a lactating mother dog. It is important to provide a balanced diet rich in these nutrients or consult with a veterinarian for appropriate supplements.
Best Commercial Dog Foods for Lactating Mothers
When my dog recently gave birth, I wanted to ensure she received the best nutrition to support her milk production and overall health. Choosing the right commercial dog food for a lactating mother can make a significant difference in her well-being and the health of her puppies.
Commercial dog foods formulated specifically for lactating mothers are designed to meet the increased nutritional needs of these dogs. These foods are rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, all of which are crucial for milk production and recovery after childbirth. Here, I will share my top recommendations based on my research and personal experience.
Recommended Commercial Dog Foods
1. High-Protein Formulas
High-protein diets are vital for lactating mothers as they support muscle maintenance and provide the building blocks for milk production. Look for brands that list meat as the first ingredient, ensuring a quality protein source.
- Example: Royal Canin Starter Mother & Babydog
- Example: Purina Pro Plan Puppy Food
2. Calorie-Dense Options
Calorie-dense foods are essential to meet the energy demands of nursing mothers. These foods provide sufficient calories in smaller portions, making it easier for the dog to consume the necessary nutrients without overeating.
- Example: Hill’s Science Diet Puppy Food
- Example: Eukanuba Puppy Food
3. Foods Rich in DHA and Omega Fatty Acids
DHA and omega fatty acids are crucial for brain development in puppies and overall health for the mother. These nutrients support cognitive function and coat health.
- Example: Blue Buffalo Life Protection Puppy
- Example: Nutro Wholesome Essentials Puppy
In conclusion, selecting the right commercial dog food for a lactating mother involves considering high protein content, calorie density, and essential fatty acids. These elements ensure that both the mother and her puppies receive optimal nutrition during this critical period. Always consult with your veterinarian to tailor the diet to your dog’s specific needs.
Homemade Recipes to Support Milk Production in Mother Dogs
When my dog had her first litter, I realised how crucial it was to ensure she had the right nutrition to produce enough milk for her puppies. After researching and consulting with my vet, I discovered several homemade recipes that helped enhance her milk supply. Preparing these nutritious meals at home gave me peace of mind, knowing exactly what she was consuming.
Each recipe is designed to provide essential nutrients, and they are all easy to prepare with ingredients you likely already have in your kitchen. Here are some of my favourite homemade recipes that significantly supported my dog’s milk production.
Nutritious Broth with Vegetables and Chicken
This broth is rich in protein and essential vitamins. It is also easy on the stomach, ensuring that the mother dog receives adequate hydration along with nutrition.
- Ingredients: 1 litre of water, 1 chicken breast (skinless and boneless), 2 carrots (chopped), 1 cup of spinach, 1 teaspoon of turmeric.
- Instructions: Boil the water and add the chicken breast. Let it cook thoroughly, then add the chopped carrots and spinach. Simmer for another 10-15 minutes. Remove the chicken, shred it, and mix it back into the broth along with turmeric. Let it cool before serving.
Oatmeal and Yoghurt Mix
Oatmeal is an excellent source of fibre and energy, while yoghurt provides probiotics, helping with digestion and overall health.
- Ingredients: 1 cup of cooked oatmeal, 1/2 cup of plain yoghurt, 1 tablespoon of honey, 1 small apple (grated).
- Instructions: Mix the cooked oatmeal with yoghurt until well combined. Add honey and the grated apple, stirring thoroughly. Serve at room temperature.
Egg and Cottage Cheese Delight
This recipe is packed with protein and calcium, essential for milk production.
- Ingredients: 2 eggs, 1/2 cup of cottage cheese, 1 tablespoon of flaxseed oil.
- Instructions: Scramble the eggs in a non-stick pan. Once cooked, mix them with cottage cheese and flaxseed oil. Allow it to cool slightly before serving.
Hydration Boost with Goat’s Milk
Goat’s milk is highly nutritious and often easier to digest than cow’s milk, making it a great supplement for lactating dogs.
- Ingredients: 1 cup of goat’s milk, 1/4 cup of water, 1 teaspoon of honey.
- Instructions: Mix all ingredients together until the honey is fully dissolved. Serve fresh.
Rice and Beef Mix
This hearty meal is both filling and packed with essential nutrients to support lactation.
- Ingredients: 1 cup of cooked rice, 1/2 cup of ground beef (cooked and drained), 1/4 cup of peas, 1/4 cup of carrots (chopped), 1 teaspoon of fish oil.
- Instructions: Combine all ingredients in a bowl and mix well. Ensure the mixture is at a comfortable temperature before serving.
These recipes have been a lifesaver for my dog, providing her with the necessary nutrients to support her puppies. Each dish is simple to prepare, nutritious, and designed to boost milk production effectively.
Hydration: How Fluids Aid in Milk Production for Dogs
Ensuring that a mother dog stays well-hydrated is crucial for her milk production. Just like humans, dogs need adequate fluid intake to support various bodily functions, including the production of milk. Without proper hydration, a lactating dog may struggle to produce enough milk to nourish her puppies, leading to potential health issues for both the mother and her litter.
Water is the primary component of milk, and thus, maintaining a high level of hydration directly impacts the volume and quality of milk a mother dog can produce. When a dog is dehydrated, her body prioritises vital organs over milk production, which can reduce the milk available for her puppies. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and encourage fluid intake during this critical period.
The Role of Water and Fluids in Canine Lactation
Water serves as the foundation for many biological processes in a lactating dog’s body. It helps transport nutrients, regulate temperature, and remove waste. For a nursing dog, these processes are even more demanding. The production of milk itself requires a substantial amount of water; hence, a steady supply of fluids is vital.
Ensuring Adequate HydrationHere are some practical tips to help maintain hydration levels in a nursing dog:
- Fresh Water Availability: Always keep a bowl of fresh water accessible. Change the water regularly to encourage frequent drinking.
- Moisture-Rich Foods: Incorporate wet dog food or homemade meals with high moisture content into her diet. These can be more appealing and easier to consume than dry kibble.
- Broths and Special Hydration Solutions: Occasionally offering low-sodium broths or specially formulated hydration solutions can help increase fluid intake, especially if the dog is reluctant to drink plain water.
By prioritising hydration, we support the overall health and wellbeing of a lactating mother dog, ensuring she can provide the necessary nutrition for her puppies. Remember, adequate hydration is not just about drinking water; it’s about a holistic approach to fluid intake through various means.
Foods to Avoid During a Dog’s Lactation Period
Caring for a nursing mother dog involves not only providing the right foods to boost her milk production but also knowing which foods to avoid. Certain foods can have negative impacts on her health and, consequently, the well-being of her puppies. It’s crucial to be aware of these harmful foods to ensure both the mother and her litter remain healthy.
While it might be tempting to treat your nursing dog to various snacks and leftovers, some foods can cause serious issues ranging from digestive upset to toxicity. Below are some specific foods you should steer clear of during your dog’s lactation period.
Dangerous Foods for Lactating Dogs
- Chocolate: This well-known toxin for dogs contains theobromine, which can cause heart issues, muscle tremors, and even seizures. It’s best to keep all chocolate products completely out of reach.
- Grapes and Raisins: Even in small amounts, these fruits can lead to kidney failure in dogs. Avoid giving your nursing dog any foods that may contain these ingredients.
- Onions and Garlic: Both onions and garlic contain compounds that can damage a dog’s red blood cells, leading to anaemia. This can be particularly harmful during the lactation period when the mother’s body is under extra stress.
- Avocados: Avocados contain persin, which can cause vomiting and diarrhoea in dogs. Additionally, the large pit poses a choking hazard.
- Alcohol: Any amount of alcohol is toxic to dogs, causing symptoms from vomiting and diarrhoea to more severe issues like difficulty breathing and even coma.
Besides these foods, it’s also important to avoid giving your dog any highly processed snacks, foods high in fat, and anything that might upset her digestive system. Keeping her diet consistent and balanced with appropriate nutrients will help her stay healthy and support her puppies effectively.
Remember, the best way to ensure your nursing dog’s diet is safe and nutritious is to consult with your veterinarian. They can provide tailored advice and recommend specific foods and supplements that will best support your dog’s health during this crucial period.
FAQs: Common Questions About Feeding a Lactating Dog
Feeding a lactating dog requires careful attention to ensure both the mother and her puppies receive the necessary nutrients. Many pet owners have questions about how to best support their nursing dogs.
Below, we’ve compiled some of the most common questions and answers regarding the diet of a lactating dog to help you navigate this important period in your pet’s life.
Common Questions and Answers
1. How often should I feed my lactating dog?
It is generally recommended to feed a lactating dog multiple small meals throughout the day to help her maintain energy levels. You can provide food 3-4 times a day.
2. What kind of food is best for a lactating dog?
A high-quality, nutrient-dense puppy food is often the best choice for lactating dogs, as it contains higher levels of protein, fat, and calories. Consult your veterinarian for specific brand recommendations.
3. How much water does a lactating dog need?
Ensure your dog has constant access to fresh water. Lactating dogs need more water than usual to support milk production.
4. Can I give my lactating dog supplements?
While many supplements are available, it is best to consult your veterinarian before giving any to your dog to ensure they are safe and necessary.
5. What signs indicate that my dog is not getting enough nutrients?
If your dog is losing weight, has low energy, or her puppies are not gaining weight properly, it may be a sign that she is not getting enough nutrients. Consult your vet if you notice these signs.
6. Can I feed my dog home-cooked meals?
Home-cooked meals can be an option, but they need to be well-balanced and nutritionally complete. Work with a veterinary nutritionist to create a proper diet plan.
7. What should I avoid feeding my lactating dog?
Avoid feeding your dog any foods that are toxic to dogs, such as chocolate, onions, garlic, and grapes. Stick to a diet that is specifically formulated for her needs.
8. How long should I continue feeding my dog a lactation-specific diet?
Continue feeding a nutrient-rich diet until the puppies are weaned, usually around 6-8 weeks. After weaning, you can gradually transition her back to her regular adult dog food.
Conclusion
Proper nutrition is crucial for a lactating dog to ensure she can produce enough milk and maintain her health. By following these guidelines and consulting with your veterinarian, you can support your dog through this demanding time.
Remember, every dog is unique, and their dietary needs can vary. Always monitor your dog’s condition and seek professional advice if you have any concerns.
Best Foods To Help A Mother Dog Produce Milk
Royal Canin Mother & Babydog Starter Mousse (24 x 195g)
£52.30
Features
| Part Number | PAWHS |
| Model | PAWHS |
| Size | 195 g (Pack of 24) |


Petlife Welpi Milk Replacer and Nutritional Supplement for Dog, All Life Stages, 2 Kg
Features
| Part Number | WE02KG |
| Model | WE02KG |
| Release Date | 2011-09-10T00:00:01Z |
| Size | 2 kg (Pack of 1) |


Animal Health NutroLac, 2.5 Kg
Features
| Part Number | T045 |
| Model | T045 |
| Release Date | 2014-10-14T00:00:01Z |
| Size | 2.5 kg (Pack of 1) |


Bubble milk bowl Puppy Feeder Puppy Milk Feeder Puppy Nursing Station Puppy feeders for Multiple Puppies esbilac Puppy Milk replacer Doggie Bubble Puppy Feeder Dongdong pet (L(350ml), Pink)
Features
| Part Number | KR-H8L7-BAQ |
| Model | 350ml |
| Color | Pink |
| Is Adult Product | |
| Size | L(350ml) |


2 x Lactol Puppy Milk 2kg
Features
| Size | 2 kg (Pack of 2) |


Royal Canin - Royal Canin Vet Care Nutrition Babydog Milk – 2 kg
Features
| Part Number | part_B00868G48U |
| Color | Black |
| Size | 2 kg (Pack of 1) |


Royal Canin Dog Food Starter Mousse 12 x 195 g
Features
| Part Number | 6023 |
| Model | 04RCSTM |
| Color | May Vary |
| Is Adult Product | |
| Release Date | 2011-03-18T00:00:01Z |
| Size | 2.34 kg (Pack of 1) |
| Language | Italian |


Beaphar LACTOL PUPPY DOG CAT MILK FORTIFIED VITAMIN MILK POWDER 1.5kg WHELPING
Features
| Part Number | 3Y-FOH4-A8RM |
| Size | 1.5 kg (Pack of 1) |


Puppy Dog Whelping Kit Feeding Bottle & Teats, 250g Lactol Puppy Milk
Features
| Part Number | 5119 |
| Size | 250 g (Pack of 1) |


Puppy Pro Tech Colostrum Milk for Puppies with Royal Canin Feeding Bottle & Teats (1.2 kilo kit with bottle)
Features
| Size | 1 count (Pack of 1) |


Q&A:
What are the best foods to help a mother dog produce milk?
High-quality puppy food is recommended for lactating mother dogs as it provides the necessary nutrients and calories. Look for a food rich in protein and fat to support milk production.
Can supplements help increase milk production in a nursing dog?
Yes, supplements such as fish oil or specific canine lactation supplements can be beneficial. However, always consult with your veterinarian before adding any supplements to your dog’s diet to ensure they are safe and appropriate.
Are there any home remedies to boost a dog’s milk supply?
Feeding the mother dog small amounts of goat’s milk or plain yoghurt can help increase milk production. Ensure she has constant access to fresh water, as hydration is crucial for milk production.
